Women, children, and adolescents still face numerous interrelated health challenges, underpinned by poverty, inequality and marginalization, and underfunded health services, with several contextual challenges to universal quality of care. These are highlighted for the SA healthcare context. Although South Africa has made significant progress with regard to the improvement of maternal health and the reduction of maternal mortality in the last two decades, Annexure 3 highlights the critical factors and challenges in the South African dual healthcare system that needs improvement for better health outcomes.